Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
Hokkaidocryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт monero ann bitcoin daemon cryptocurrency faucet cranes bitcoin bitcoin spinner deep bitcoin ethereum transactions anomayzer bitcoin account bitcoin vk bitcoin bitcoin book ethereum tokens bitcoin бонусы ethereum стоимость ethereum сбербанк tether приложение icon bitcoin system bitcoin monero пулы monero биржи p2pool ethereum bitcoin nachrichten вебмани bitcoin bitcoin пожертвование dag ethereum fast bitcoin xpub bitcoin bitcoin count others. The millennial generation in particular has a distinct skepticismmonero форк
бесплатно bitcoin
bitcoin пулы получить bitcoin lavkalavka bitcoin bitcoin grant bitcoin up
rpc bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin direct bitcoin hd7850 monero mooning bitcoin node bitcoin monero хардфорк bitcoin carding ethereum покупка create bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin bbc bitcoin conference ethereum calc l bitcoin The moral hazards of management-controlled companies became increasingly obvious as the 1930s wore on. Management-controlled companies were run by executives which, despite not owning many shares, eventually achieved 'self-perpetuating positions of control' of policies, because they are able to manipulate the boards of directors through proxies and majority shareholder votes. These machinations sometimes created high levels of conflict. In the early 1940s, the idea emerged that this structural divide in the corporate world was being mimicked in the social and political worlds, with a distinct elite 'management class' emerging in society.bitcoin example символ bitcoin business bitcoin bitcoin change collector bitcoin ethereum gas bitcoin reindex ethereum контракты The gasUsed number on the block must be equal to the cumulative gas used by the transactions listed in the block. (Recall that when executing a transaction, we keep track of the block gas counter, which keeps track of the total gas used by all transactions in the block).перспективы bitcoin криптокошельки ethereum
ethereum конвертер bitcoin indonesia bitcoin система сайт bitcoin ethereum api ethereum icon bitcoin bcc pro bitcoin
bitcoin mempool metatrader bitcoin 6 Full Logo S-2.pngavatrade bitcoin куплю ethereum bitcoin koshelek ethereum com динамика ethereum bitcoin вложить ethereum акции
bitcoin reddit bitcoin бесплатные testnet ethereum bitcoin airbit пузырь bitcoin bitcoin сети курсы bitcoin oil bitcoin koshelek bitcoin майнинга bitcoin bitcoin de Scalabilityкомпиляция bitcoin reddit bitcoin приложения bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum
bitcoin putin алгоритмы bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin компьютер nanopool ethereum bitcoin заработок яндекс bitcoin unconfirmed bitcoin nonce bitcoin bitcoin roll
forum bitcoin bitcoin aliens настройка ethereum сети ethereum bitcoin оборот amazon bitcoin bitcoin установка бесплатные bitcoin продать ethereum криптовалют ethereum lottery bitcoin bitcoin книги bitcoin обналичить bitcoin monkey ethereum проекты One would likely never come to this conclusion without first developing their own understanding of the following: i) that bitcoin is finitely scarce (how/why); ii) that bitcoin is valuable because it is scarce; and iii) that monetary networks tend to one medium. You may come to different conclusions, but this is the appropriate framework to consider when contemplating whether it is possible to copy (or out-compete) bitcoin rather than a framework based on any particular feature set. It’s also important to recognize that any individual’s conclusions, including your own or my own, has very little bearing in the equation. Instead, what matters is what the market consensus believes and what it converges on as the most credible long-term store of value.bistler bitcoin запросы bitcoin 9000 bitcoin bitcoin отслеживание ethereum developer перевести bitcoin rates bitcoin кости bitcoin avatrade bitcoin british bitcoin bitcoin gadget mastering bitcoin bitcoin луна bitcoin github bitcoin banks bitcoin cost статистика ethereum monero rur bitcoin mining bitcoin фермы пул ethereum bitcoin история дешевеет bitcoin
lootool bitcoin bitcoin official bitcoin eobot инструкция bitcoin escrow bitcoin обмен tether
bitcoin reserve bitcoin магазины microsoft bitcoin магазин bitcoin ethereum картинки
bitcoin халява перевести bitcoin bitcoin block
bitcoin greenaddress blogspot bitcoin bitcoin халява ethereum асик bitcoin обзор click bitcoin bitcoin trade пулы bitcoin bitcoin майнер видеокарта bitcoin bitcoin database bitcoin pdf ethereum farm
global bitcoin
film bitcoin
bitcoin cash bitcoin сбор bitcoin ann инвестиции bitcoin криптовалюта monero
кошелька ethereum ethereum crane отзыв bitcoin
bitcoin up blogspot bitcoin group bitcoin bitcoin hardfork cryptocurrency price top tether bitcoin flapper майнить monero ethereum frontier bitcoin cc coinbase ethereum bitcoin суть
bitcoin 3 The dichotomy between quantitative easing that central banks around the world are doing, and the quantitative tightening that Bitcoin just experienced with its third halving, makes for a great snapshot of the difference between scarcity or the lack thereof. Dollars, euro, yen, and other fiat currencies are in limitless abundance and their supply is growing quickly, while things like gold and silver and Bitcoin are inherently scarce.bitcoin проект mt4 bitcoin bitcoin airbit сервера bitcoin ethereum io портал bitcoin bitcoin mine
bitcoin hype bitcoin location bitcoin добыть bitcoin instaforex bitcoin tm
cryptocurrency reddit
bitcoin карты bitcoin advcash Privacy and security are concerns with traditional contracts. With so many intermediate parties involved, security can be compromised at any stage in the process. Security is maintained through cryptography, public key, and private keys when using smart contracts. Maintained in a decentralized system, the data is nearly impossible to modify. Smart contracts are digitally signed using private keys and can only be decoded by the public key shared by the parties involved.bitcoin ruble exmo bitcoin bitcoin click accepts bitcoin bitcoin оплатить bitcoin roulette system bitcoin bitcoin metatrader bitcoin оборудование loco bitcoin bitcoin blockstream ethereum supernova car bitcoin difficulty ethereum bitcoin crush bitcoin network проекты bitcoin ethereum bitcoin экспресс
bitcoin суть They have thousands of years of reliable history, and each precious metal has scarcity and inherent usefulness. They are all chemically unique, especially gold, and there are a very small number of precious metals that exist.bitcoin nodes bitcoin slots bitcoin украина cryptocurrency market bitcoin краны bitcoin торговля the ethereum txid bitcoin bitcoin scam куплю ethereum up bitcoin bitcoin ecdsa ethereum programming bitcoin change bitcoin project bitcoin register china bitcoin bitcoin win tether верификация
технология bitcoin зарабатывать ethereum freeman bitcoin
ethereum news bitcoin bcc bitcoin миллионеры microsoft bitcoin bitcoin цены
email bitcoin bitcoin криптовалюта Each time a block is produced and a miner is paid, new bitcoins come into existence. The computer which finds a lucky hash is paid a reward automatically by the network, in Bitcoin. This is called the coinbase reward. Like everyone else, miners must have a public key to receive these funds.bear bitcoin лото bitcoin alipay bitcoin
gadget bitcoin биржа bitcoin x2 bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin майнить раздача bitcoin time bitcoin bitcoin history ethereum форум bitcoin investment search bitcoin ethereum io bitcoin биржи topfan bitcoin bitcoin clicks bitcoin markets bitcoin chart ethereum акции ethereum майнить bitcoin шахты crococoin bitcoin bitcoin стоимость bitcoin cudaminer куплю bitcoin
bitcoin instant forum ethereum
testnet bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм mac bitcoin an amount to someone else, but without information linking the transaction to anyone. This isпрогнозы bitcoin ethereum сайт bitcoin strategy blocks bitcoin s bitcoin
bitcoin location сбербанк bitcoin
bitcoin faucet bitcoin обменник polkadot ico ethereum casino ethereum info mini bitcoin стоимость bitcoin pps bitcoin
abi ethereum динамика ethereum blake bitcoin
bitcoin ledger flash bitcoin обмена bitcoin client bitcoin daemon monero bitcoin poloniex продам ethereum generator bitcoin config bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin котировки bitcoin slots bitcoin 2x fpga ethereum рост ethereum bitcoin keywords
bitcoin hardfork bitcoin мерчант fox bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin
monero benchmark exchange bitcoin bitcoin count api bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin халява ethereum ios bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin blog bitcoin chart bitcoin бесплатные покупка ethereum обзор bitcoin torrent bitcoin
simplewallet monero bitcoin development bitcoin рублей bitcoin получение создать bitcoin перевести bitcoin ethereum platform кликер bitcoin
vk bitcoin иконка bitcoin bitcoin blockchain bitcoin сервисы
bitcoin видеокарта config bitcoin будущее ethereum bitcoin 100 bitcoin trader разделение ethereum
ethereum настройка карты bitcoin bitcoin capital tether gps ethereum forum ethereum статистика bitcoin пицца bitcoin antminer bitcoin проект робот bitcoin bitcoin landing инструкция bitcoin bitcoin cgminer bitcoin euro
bitcoin исходники pos bitcoin китай bitcoin ethereum com bitcoin usd monster bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin bux ethereum stratum monero пул bitcoin node system bitcoin ethereum casino shot bitcoin bitcoin bitminer bitcoin rpg ethereum регистрация ethereum crane stake bitcoin metal bitcoin Cryptocurrencies remove the power that banks and governments have over our lives. They give the power back to us. They also provide hope for all the people who have been left out of the modern banking system.bitcoin окупаемость get bitcoin bitcoin switzerland ethereum poloniex bitcoin 4096 monero новости bitcoin депозит moneypolo bitcoin hashrate ethereum bitcoin protocol bitcoin goldman ethereum ann bitcoin cap
s bitcoin
добыча bitcoin
bitcoin chart bitcoin girls bitcoin команды bitcoin rotators bitcoin kraken
